First-generation wireless telephone technology or 1G:
It uses analog telecommunications standards. It uses digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up in 1G.
The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
Second-generation wireless telephone technology or 2G: 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used.
2.5G (GPRS):
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
2.75G (EDGE):
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM.
3rd Generation wireless telephone technology or 3G:
The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet-switching rather than circuit-switching for data transmission.
3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates. Today's 3G systems can in practice offer up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink.
By the help of 3G now a mobile user can have acess to these applications like Mobile TV, Video on demand, Video conferencing, Tele-medicine and Location-based services.
Fourth generation of cellular wireless standards or 4G:
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Tuesday, June 15, 2010
Interview Questions for Mobile Application Testing
Hi All,
These are few question which any interviewer can ask when you for interview for a Mobile Application Tester:
1.What is your approach for Testing or from where you start you testing?
2.What is the architecture of the application you test?
3.What all stages an application goes through from scratch to Production or Stages of Application Development?
4.What is GSM and GPRS architecture?
5.What is MMS architecture?
6.About the latest devices available for your technology say latest launch of iPhone or from Apple, latest Blackberry device, latest Android devices, and latest Palm/PPC devices?
7.What is the difference between the current device and the latest one? Or what new features the latest device carries?
8.Technology used in front end and back end for your application development?
9.On what frequency Wi-Fi and GPRS works and when both are working simultaneously at what will be data transfer rate is in M.hz?
10.Which processor is there in the device you have used in application testing?
These are few question which any interviewer can ask when you for interview for a Mobile Application Tester:
1.What is your approach for Testing or from where you start you testing?
2.What is the architecture of the application you test?
3.What all stages an application goes through from scratch to Production or Stages of Application Development?
4.What is GSM and GPRS architecture?
5.What is MMS architecture?
6.About the latest devices available for your technology say latest launch of iPhone or from Apple, latest Blackberry device, latest Android devices, and latest Palm/PPC devices?
7.What is the difference between the current device and the latest one? Or what new features the latest device carries?
8.Technology used in front end and back end for your application development?
9.On what frequency Wi-Fi and GPRS works and when both are working simultaneously at what will be data transfer rate is in M.hz?
10.Which processor is there in the device you have used in application testing?
Monday, June 14, 2010
ISTQB Advance level sample paper 1
Examination Question 1
You have recently been employed by a software development company as a Test Manager. Your first active role within the company is to manage a small test team during the development of a new software product. You have been made aware of the negative feedback provided by customers of similar developed products, and so your aim is to improve this situation.
1)You have been brought on-board this project at an early stage, even before any requirements have been formally agreed. Explain the benefits of this from a test perspective.
2)The Project Manager has asked you about Test Strategies, so provide him with a written description of exactly what a Test Strategy is. Included in your description should be a brief summary of test phases that your team may provide during this project development.
3)As a Test Manager, a common requirement of you is to produce various other types of Test Management documentation. Give a brief overview of the following typical examples:
a. Test Policy
b. Project Test Plan
c. Phases Test Plan
4)List the other types of processes that can influence, or be influenced by the ‘Test Process’.
Examination Question 2
A software company is developing an update to its existing product. The update contains some fixes to existing faults. The end customer who already has the existing product installed at its premises, expressed concern over the effect that an update might have on their system.
1)The customer has asked you (the Test Manager) to provide them with some confidence that the update will not adversely affect their current system.
Specifically, the customer would like to know in detail, which method you will use to ensure that any previously existing functionality will not be affected by the update.
Also, an explanation of the method you will use to ensure that the faulty functionality has now been fixed.
2)The Project Manager would like to know details on how you will log the any problems you find with the software whilst testing. He specifically requires the following information:
An example of a typical incident report. This should include headings and explanations of the type of information to include.
An explanation of the IEEE Std. 1044-1993 standard including its steps.
Examination Question 3
As a founding member of a start-up company’s software development department, you have the responsibility to employee individuals to make up a dedicated software testing team.
1)Provide examples of the types of skills that you would expect from test team members.
2)Briefly describe what is meant by ‘Test Team’ dynamics. Also list the common test team roles including a brief description of each.
3)Provide a description of the relationship between Developers and Testers. Include common misunderstandings and also your suggestions to avoid them.
Examination Question 4
You have recently been employed by a software development company with a view to improve certain aspects of their testing process. The software they develop is situated on large network backbone routers (i.e. embedded). This causes issues with developers with regards to testing, as they rarely have the opportunity to physically test it for real, or even in a simulated environment. This results in the software being handed-over to the systems testers with a lack of confidence in the software that they have developed.
1)It has been suggested that ‘reviews’ could be useful in this type of situation. Provide a summary of what reviews actually are.
2)Provide a description of each type of known review, and any relevant benefits or hindrances to the situation detailed within the given scenario.
3)Describe a basic structure for a typical review, including who should attend and their roles within the review process
4)Provide some suggestions/guidelines to ensure that all future reviews are successful.
ISTQB 100 success Secrets - ISTQB Foundation Certification Software Testing the
You have recently been employed by a software development company as a Test Manager. Your first active role within the company is to manage a small test team during the development of a new software product. You have been made aware of the negative feedback provided by customers of similar developed products, and so your aim is to improve this situation.
1)You have been brought on-board this project at an early stage, even before any requirements have been formally agreed. Explain the benefits of this from a test perspective.
2)The Project Manager has asked you about Test Strategies, so provide him with a written description of exactly what a Test Strategy is. Included in your description should be a brief summary of test phases that your team may provide during this project development.
3)As a Test Manager, a common requirement of you is to produce various other types of Test Management documentation. Give a brief overview of the following typical examples:
a. Test Policy
b. Project Test Plan
c. Phases Test Plan
4)List the other types of processes that can influence, or be influenced by the ‘Test Process’.
Examination Question 2
A software company is developing an update to its existing product. The update contains some fixes to existing faults. The end customer who already has the existing product installed at its premises, expressed concern over the effect that an update might have on their system.
1)The customer has asked you (the Test Manager) to provide them with some confidence that the update will not adversely affect their current system.
Specifically, the customer would like to know in detail, which method you will use to ensure that any previously existing functionality will not be affected by the update.
Also, an explanation of the method you will use to ensure that the faulty functionality has now been fixed.
2)The Project Manager would like to know details on how you will log the any problems you find with the software whilst testing. He specifically requires the following information:
An example of a typical incident report. This should include headings and explanations of the type of information to include.
An explanation of the IEEE Std. 1044-1993 standard including its steps.
Examination Question 3
As a founding member of a start-up company’s software development department, you have the responsibility to employee individuals to make up a dedicated software testing team.
1)Provide examples of the types of skills that you would expect from test team members.
2)Briefly describe what is meant by ‘Test Team’ dynamics. Also list the common test team roles including a brief description of each.
3)Provide a description of the relationship between Developers and Testers. Include common misunderstandings and also your suggestions to avoid them.
Examination Question 4
You have recently been employed by a software development company with a view to improve certain aspects of their testing process. The software they develop is situated on large network backbone routers (i.e. embedded). This causes issues with developers with regards to testing, as they rarely have the opportunity to physically test it for real, or even in a simulated environment. This results in the software being handed-over to the systems testers with a lack of confidence in the software that they have developed.
1)It has been suggested that ‘reviews’ could be useful in this type of situation. Provide a summary of what reviews actually are.
2)Provide a description of each type of known review, and any relevant benefits or hindrances to the situation detailed within the given scenario.
3)Describe a basic structure for a typical review, including who should attend and their roles within the review process
4)Provide some suggestions/guidelines to ensure that all future reviews are successful.
ISTQB 100 success Secrets - ISTQB Foundation Certification Software Testing the
Permission levels in Testlinks
Test Link is built with 5 different permission levels built in. These permission levels are as follows:
•Guest: A guest only has permission to view test cases and project metrics.
•Tester: A tester outside of the company that only has permissions to run tests allotted to them. (initially tester)
•Senior Tester: A tester can view, create, edit, and delete test cases as well as execute them. Testers lack the permissions to manage test plans, manage products, create milestones, or assign rights. (initially tester)
•Leader: A lead has all of the same permissions as a Tester but also gains the ability to manage test plans, assign rights, create milestones, and manage keywords
•Admin: An admin has all of the same permissions as a lead but gains the ability to manage products
•Test designer : A user can fully work with Test Specification and Requirements
Honest Face
Forgiveness
•Guest: A guest only has permission to view test cases and project metrics.
•Tester: A tester outside of the company that only has permissions to run tests allotted to them. (initially tester)
•Senior Tester: A tester can view, create, edit, and delete test cases as well as execute them. Testers lack the permissions to manage test plans, manage products, create milestones, or assign rights. (initially tester)
•Leader: A lead has all of the same permissions as a Tester but also gains the ability to manage test plans, assign rights, create milestones, and manage keywords
•Admin: An admin has all of the same permissions as a lead but gains the ability to manage products
•Test designer : A user can fully work with Test Specification and Requirements
Honest Face
Forgiveness Sunday, June 13, 2010
Principles of Testing
Principles of Testing
Reliability:
The probability that software will not cause the failure of a system for a specified time under specified conditions
Software with faults may be reliable, if the faults are in code that is rarely used
Reliability is in the view of the user
Reliability measures must take account of how the software will be used by its users.
Exhaustive Testing:
Exhaustive testing of all program paths is usually impossible
Exhaustive testing of all inputs is also impossible
If we could do exhaustive testing, most tests would be duplicates that tell us nothing
We need to select tests that are effective at finding faults
Effectiveness and Efficiency:
A test that exercises the software in ways that we know will work proves nothing
Effective tests: tests that are designed to catch specific faults
Efficient tests: tests that have the best chance of detecting faults.
How much testing is enough?
Objective coverage measures can be used:
standards may impose a level of testing
test design techniques give an objective target
But all too often, time is the limiting factor so we may have to rely on a consensus view to ensure we do at least the most important tests.
Test Exit Criteria:
Measurable criteria for test completion, for example
all tests run successfully
all faults found are fixed and re-tested
coverage target (set and) met
time (or cost) limit exceeded
Coverage items defined in terms of
requirements, conditions, business transactions
code statements, branches.
Psychology of Testing
A successful test is one that locates a fault
If finding faults is the tester’s aim:
positive motivation - finding faults is good
constructive - perceived as improving quality
testers create 'tough' tests, not easy ones
If we are effective at finding faults, and then can't find any, we can be confident the system works.
Re-testing:
If we run a test that detects a fault we can get the fault corrected
We then repeat the test to ensure the fault has been properly fixed
This is called re-testing
Regression:
When a software fault is fixed, we need to check that when
changing the faulty code, the developer has not introduced new
Faults.
There is a 50% chance of introducing regression faults
Regression tests tell us whether new faults have been introduced
i.e. whether the system still works after a change to the code or environment has been made.
When environments are changed, we might also regression test.
Regression Testing:
"Testing to ensure a change has not caused faults in unchanged parts of the system“
Not necessarily a separate stage
Regression testing most important during maintenance activities
Regression tests are usually the first to be considered for automation.
Prioritization of Testing:
First principle: to make sure the most important tests are included in test plans
Second principle: to make sure the most important tests are executed
Most important tests are those that:
address most serious risks
cover critical features
have the best chance of detecting faults.
Criteria for prioritizing tests:
Critical
Complex
error-prone.
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Reliability:
The probability that software will not cause the failure of a system for a specified time under specified conditions
Software with faults may be reliable, if the faults are in code that is rarely used
Reliability is in the view of the user
Reliability measures must take account of how the software will be used by its users.
Exhaustive Testing:
Exhaustive testing of all program paths is usually impossible
Exhaustive testing of all inputs is also impossible
If we could do exhaustive testing, most tests would be duplicates that tell us nothing
We need to select tests that are effective at finding faults
Effectiveness and Efficiency:
A test that exercises the software in ways that we know will work proves nothing
Effective tests: tests that are designed to catch specific faults
Efficient tests: tests that have the best chance of detecting faults.
How much testing is enough?
Objective coverage measures can be used:
standards may impose a level of testing
test design techniques give an objective target
But all too often, time is the limiting factor so we may have to rely on a consensus view to ensure we do at least the most important tests.
Test Exit Criteria:
Measurable criteria for test completion, for example
all tests run successfully
all faults found are fixed and re-tested
coverage target (set and) met
time (or cost) limit exceeded
Coverage items defined in terms of
requirements, conditions, business transactions
code statements, branches.
Psychology of Testing
A successful test is one that locates a fault
If finding faults is the tester’s aim:
positive motivation - finding faults is good
constructive - perceived as improving quality
testers create 'tough' tests, not easy ones
If we are effective at finding faults, and then can't find any, we can be confident the system works.
Re-testing:
If we run a test that detects a fault we can get the fault corrected
We then repeat the test to ensure the fault has been properly fixed
This is called re-testing
Regression:
When a software fault is fixed, we need to check that when
changing the faulty code, the developer has not introduced new
Faults.
There is a 50% chance of introducing regression faults
Regression tests tell us whether new faults have been introduced
i.e. whether the system still works after a change to the code or environment has been made.
When environments are changed, we might also regression test.
Regression Testing:
"Testing to ensure a change has not caused faults in unchanged parts of the system“
Not necessarily a separate stage
Regression testing most important during maintenance activities
Regression tests are usually the first to be considered for automation.
Prioritization of Testing:
First principle: to make sure the most important tests are included in test plans
Second principle: to make sure the most important tests are executed
Most important tests are those that:
address most serious risks
cover critical features
have the best chance of detecting faults.
Criteria for prioritizing tests:
Critical
Complex
error-prone.
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Saturday, June 12, 2010
Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Partitioning
Equivalence Partitioning
Equivalence Partitioning is a Black Box testing method that divides the input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases can be derived.
An ideal test case single-handedly uncovers a class of errors (e.g. incorrect processing of all character data) that might otherwise require many cases to be executed before the general error is observed.
Equivalence Partitioning strives to define a test case that uncovers classes of errors, thereby reducing the total number of test cases that must be developed.
Boundary Value Analysis
For reasons that are not completely clear, a greater number of errors tend to occur at the boundaries of the input domain than in the “center”. It is for this reason,that boundary value analysis (BVA) has been developed as a testing technique.
BVA leads to a selection of test cases that exercise bounding values. BVA complements EP.Rather than selecting any element of an equivalence class,
BVA leads to the selection of test cases at the “edges” of the class. Rather than focusing only on Input conditions,
BVA derives test cases from the Output domain as well.
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Equivalence Partitioning is a Black Box testing method that divides the input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases can be derived.
An ideal test case single-handedly uncovers a class of errors (e.g. incorrect processing of all character data) that might otherwise require many cases to be executed before the general error is observed.
Equivalence Partitioning strives to define a test case that uncovers classes of errors, thereby reducing the total number of test cases that must be developed.
Boundary Value Analysis
For reasons that are not completely clear, a greater number of errors tend to occur at the boundaries of the input domain than in the “center”. It is for this reason,that boundary value analysis (BVA) has been developed as a testing technique.
BVA leads to a selection of test cases that exercise bounding values. BVA complements EP.Rather than selecting any element of an equivalence class,
BVA leads to the selection of test cases at the “edges” of the class. Rather than focusing only on Input conditions,
BVA derives test cases from the Output domain as well.
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PURPOSE OF TESTING
Beizer’s Attitudinal Progression model:
Phase 0 - Testing is debugging
Phase 1 - Prove Software works
Phase 2 - Prove Software does not work
Phase 3 - Reduce risk of failure
Phase 4 - A state of mind
Phase 0 :
-Purpose of Testing is debugging
-No QA, No quality
-Dominant thinking in early 70s
-Still a problem in many organizations
Phase 1:
- Prove that software works
- Dominant thinking in late 70s
- Impossible to prove
- Corrupted / Illogical process
- Best achieved by not testing at all
Phase 2:
- Prove that software does not work
- Negative role of tester
- Book keeper / Auditor
- Never ending cycle of tests ?
- When do we stop ?
Phase 3:
-Accepting the principles of statistical Quality Control
-Perception of risk reduction
-Adequate confidence in the product
Phase 4:
-A state of mind
-Software does not need much testing now
-Quality Assurance in large measure
-Impact on productivity is high
All above phases are cumulative
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Phase 0 - Testing is debugging
Phase 1 - Prove Software works
Phase 2 - Prove Software does not work
Phase 3 - Reduce risk of failure
Phase 4 - A state of mind
Phase 0 :
-Purpose of Testing is debugging
-No QA, No quality
-Dominant thinking in early 70s
-Still a problem in many organizations
Phase 1:
- Prove that software works
- Dominant thinking in late 70s
- Impossible to prove
- Corrupted / Illogical process
- Best achieved by not testing at all
Phase 2:
- Prove that software does not work
- Negative role of tester
- Book keeper / Auditor
- Never ending cycle of tests ?
- When do we stop ?
Phase 3:
-Accepting the principles of statistical Quality Control
-Perception of risk reduction
-Adequate confidence in the product
Phase 4:
-A state of mind
-Software does not need much testing now
-Quality Assurance in large measure
-Impact on productivity is high
All above phases are cumulative
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Types of Defects
- Inadequate or incorrect component description (Documentation)
- Errors in grammar, spelling and specification language used (Syntax)
- An error in the specification of the functions of a component (Functionality)
- An error in the communication between software components (Interface)
- An error in the internal data specification (Data)
- An error in the procedural logic (Logic)
- An error in communication with external data (Input/Output)
- not meeting the required efficiency of execution (Performance)
- A deviation from procedural or representational standards (Standards)
Testlink- Test case Management Tool
TestLink is a Web-based Test management tool. It is free, open source project comes under the GPL license.
The tool includes reporting and requirements tracking and cooperates with well-known bug tracking systems.
You can find various details about Testlink on http://testlinktool.yolasite.com/
The tool includes reporting and requirements tracking and cooperates with well-known bug tracking systems.
You can find various details about Testlink on http://testlinktool.yolasite.com/
Friday, June 11, 2010
Android Devices in India
These are the devices which are available in India:
HTC Magic
HTC Hero
HTC Tattoo
Motorola Milestone
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10
LG GW620
Acer A1 Liquid
Samsung Galaxy i7500
Samsung Galaxy Spica i5700
HTC Legend
HTC Magic
HTC Hero
HTC Tattoo
Motorola Milestone
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10
LG GW620
Acer A1 Liquid
Samsung Galaxy i7500
Samsung Galaxy Spica i5700
HTC Legend
Android Platform
Android is a mobile phone operating system developed by Google. Android is unique because Google is actively developing the platform but giving it away for free to hardware manufacturers and phone carriers who want to use Android on their devices.
Android is a mobile operating system using the Linux kernel. It was initially developed by Android Inc., a firm later purchased by Google, and lately by the Open Handset Alliance.
It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance
Available Versions:
1.5 (Cupcake)
On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released
1.6 (Donut)
On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released
2.0/2.1 (Eclair)
On 26 October 2009 the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released
Features:
Handset layouts:The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library
Storage:The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity:Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi
Messaging:SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging
Web browser:The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework
Java support:Software written in Java can be compiled to be executed in the Dalvik virtual machine
Media support :Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, OGG Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP
Development environment:Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE
Market:Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC.
Multi-touch:Android has native support for multi-touch which is available in newer handsets such as the HTC Hero
Architecture:
Applications: basic applications include an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written in Java programming language.
Application Framework: the developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by applications base. The architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components, any application can publish its capabilities and any other application can then make use of those capabilities (subject to safety rules framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user.
Libraries: Android includes a set of libraries C / C + + used by various components of the Android system. These features are exposed to developers through the Android application framework, some of them: System C library (C standard library implementation), media libraries, graphics libraries, 3d, SQLite, and others.
Runtime Android: Android includes a set of base libraries that provide most of the features available in the libraries of the Java language base. Every Android application runs its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. Dalvik executes files in the Dalvik Executable (. Dex), which is optimized for minimum memory. The virtual machine is based on records, and runs classes compiled by the Java compiler that have been transformed by the tool to formato.dex included “dx”.
Kernel – Linux: Android depends on Linux version 2.6 for basic services such as security system, memory management, process management, network stack and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack.
Android is a mobile operating system using the Linux kernel. It was initially developed by Android Inc., a firm later purchased by Google, and lately by the Open Handset Alliance.
It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance
Available Versions:
1.5 (Cupcake)
On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released
1.6 (Donut)
On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released
2.0/2.1 (Eclair)
On 26 October 2009 the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released
Features:
Handset layouts:The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library
Storage:The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity:Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi
Messaging:SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging
Web browser:The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework
Java support:Software written in Java can be compiled to be executed in the Dalvik virtual machine
Media support :Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, OGG Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP
Development environment:Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE
Market:Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC.
Multi-touch:Android has native support for multi-touch which is available in newer handsets such as the HTC Hero
Architecture:
Applications: basic applications include an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written in Java programming language.
Application Framework: the developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by applications base. The architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components, any application can publish its capabilities and any other application can then make use of those capabilities (subject to safety rules framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user.
Libraries: Android includes a set of libraries C / C + + used by various components of the Android system. These features are exposed to developers through the Android application framework, some of them: System C library (C standard library implementation), media libraries, graphics libraries, 3d, SQLite, and others.
Runtime Android: Android includes a set of base libraries that provide most of the features available in the libraries of the Java language base. Every Android application runs its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. Dalvik executes files in the Dalvik Executable (. Dex), which is optimized for minimum memory. The virtual machine is based on records, and runs classes compiled by the Java compiler that have been transformed by the tool to formato.dex included “dx”.
Kernel – Linux: Android depends on Linux version 2.6 for basic services such as security system, memory management, process management, network stack and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack.
Palm OS
Overview of Palm Operating systems
1)Garnet OS expands the solid foundation of Palm OS 5 by incorporating standard support for a broad range of screen resolutions and expanded support for wireless connections including Bluetooth®. It also includes enhanced multimedia capabilities, a suite of robust security options and support for a broad set of languages
2)Palm© webOS™ is Palm's next generation operating system. Designed around an incredibly fast and beautiful user experience and optimized for the multi-tasking user, webOS integrates the power of a window-based operating system with the simplicity of a browser. Applications are built using standard web technologies and languages, but have access to device-based services and data.
The Pre is the first Palm device to use webOS, the Linux-based platform that replaces Palm's previous Palm OS. Developed from scratch for use in mobile phones—whereas Palm OS was originally designed for PDAs—webOS is capable of supporting built-in first party applications, as well as third party applications.
Features of Garnet OS:
1)Every Garnet OS handheld comes with the famously easy to use Palm software suite, including calendar, address book, alarm clock, memo pad, calculator, and email.
2) If you want to communicate with others, or pull information from the web, there are a wide array of options for the Garnet OS. Wired modems are available for many models. Add-ons supports the 802.11b, and Bluetooth wireless network standards. Some Garnet OS systems include mobile phones supporting the CDMA and GSM networks. Or you can use infrared or Bluetooth to let your Garnet OS handheld communicate through a mobile phone3.
3) Garnet OS handhelds are designed to communicate with a PC. Software programs included with many Garnet OS systems work with Microsoft® Word™, Excel™ and PowerPoint™ files. You can also exchange information with Microsoft Outlook™ and other popular PC-based information management programs1. The Garnet OS HotSync software also lets you make backup copies of your handheld information. With a press of a single button, your handheld's information is automatically backed up on the PC, so it can be restored if the handheld is ever lost or broken2
4)Beaming
Features of WebOs:
1)Over-the-air software updates
Keep up with the latest software for your Palm webOS phone. Receive a notification when there’s an update to install, or check to see if one’s available. All without connecting to your computer.1
2)WebOS includes a feature called Synergy that integrates information from many sources. webOS allows a user to sign in to accounts on Gmail, Yahoo!, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Microsoft Outlook (via Exchange ActiveSync). Contacts from all sources are then integrated into a single list. For example, if you have info about one person in many different places, your phone shows them in a single entry for that person. All of your info remains in its original location online.
3)The device makes use of the cloud based services model, but uses no desktop sync client (in the style of Palm's HotSync synchronization method
Palm has announced that the Pre will be capable of "seamlessly" synchronizing with Apple's iTunes via its Media Sync feature
The Pre will be available with high-speed connectivity on either EVDO Rev. A or UMTS HSDPA, depending on location. The Pre also includes 802.11b/g WiFi and Bluetooth 2.1+EDR with support for A2DP stereo headsets. A-GPS with support for turn-by-turn navigation is also included.
Formats supported on Palm OS and Web OS
Palm OS:
. OS: Garnet
. Networks: Quad band (850/900-1800/1900) GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Class10.
. Connectivity: EVDO, 1xRTT, Bluetooth, Infrared, USB
. Memory Card: Micro SD up to 4GB
. Browser: Blazer Mobile Web Browser
. Files supported: .exe, .mp3, .mp4, .m4g, .wmv, .jpg, .gif
. Device Sync: Hot Sync
Palm Web OS:
OS: Web OS
. Networks: CDMA Version- Dual band CMDA 2000EV-DO Rev. A
800/1900 MHz, GSM Version- Quad Band GSM 850/900/1800/1900
MHz GPRS/EDGE and Tri Band UMTS 850/1900/2100 MHz HSDPA .
. Connectivity: Wi-Fi (802.11b/g), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR, Micro USB,
AGPS.
. Memory Card: No slot available
. Browser: Pocket IE
. Files supported: .ipk, .mp3, .mp4, .m4g, .wmv, .jpg, .gif
. Device Sync: Palm Desktop, Microsoft Outlook, IBM Lotus Notes,
iTunes.
Other Tools supported by Web OS
Installing Eclipse and the Palm Plug-In
Emulator
Command Line Tools
Debugger
How to install Web OS:
Install the Palm® webOS™ SDK on Windows®
1. Install Java
-Download and install the latest version of Java.
-To verify that Java is installed, go to the Command Prompt and type:
-java -version
-If Java is installed, Java version information appears.
-Download Java
2. Install VirtualBox 3.0.10
-The Palm emulator is built on VirtualBox, virtual machine software that you can download free from Sun Microsystems. VirtualBox is required before installing the Palm webOS SDK.
Download Virtualbox
3. Install the Palm webOS SDK for Windows
-Download the Windows SDK.
-Ensure VirtualBox is not running before starting the Palm SDK Installer.
-Double-click the Palm SDK Installer file.
-Download SDK
-Windows 64-bit
-Windows Vista & Windows 7 only
4. Verify the SDK Installation
- Start the Palm emulator.
- Click OK to dismiss the dialog boxes.
- Create or choose a directory to use as your development workspace.
- Open a Command Prompt window, and then type:
palm-generate
To verify that the tools are installed:
If help information appears, the tools are correctly installed.
If palm-generate is not recognized as a command, the tools are not correctly installed.
If java is not recognized as a command, Java is not correctly installed
Exit both the Command Prompt window and the emulator.
How to uninstall Web OS:
Uninstall the emulator and virtual machine
Run VirtualBox.
Close the emulator (select Power off the machine ).
In VirtualBox, right-click (Windows and Linux) or control-click (Mac) the Palm Emulator, and select Delete.
Select File > Virtual Media Manager.
Click the Hard Disks tab, and delete Palm Emulator.vmdk.
Click the CD/DVD Images tab, and delete palm_emulator_sdk_XX.iso.
Delete the Palm Emulator folder:
-Windows: C:\Program Files\Palm\SDK\share\emulator
Uninstall the SDK from a Windows system
-Select Start > Control Panel > Add or Remove Programs.
- Choose Palm SDK and click Remove.
1)Garnet OS expands the solid foundation of Palm OS 5 by incorporating standard support for a broad range of screen resolutions and expanded support for wireless connections including Bluetooth®. It also includes enhanced multimedia capabilities, a suite of robust security options and support for a broad set of languages
2)Palm© webOS™ is Palm's next generation operating system. Designed around an incredibly fast and beautiful user experience and optimized for the multi-tasking user, webOS integrates the power of a window-based operating system with the simplicity of a browser. Applications are built using standard web technologies and languages, but have access to device-based services and data.
The Pre is the first Palm device to use webOS, the Linux-based platform that replaces Palm's previous Palm OS. Developed from scratch for use in mobile phones—whereas Palm OS was originally designed for PDAs—webOS is capable of supporting built-in first party applications, as well as third party applications.
Features of Garnet OS:
1)Every Garnet OS handheld comes with the famously easy to use Palm software suite, including calendar, address book, alarm clock, memo pad, calculator, and email.
2) If you want to communicate with others, or pull information from the web, there are a wide array of options for the Garnet OS. Wired modems are available for many models. Add-ons supports the 802.11b, and Bluetooth wireless network standards. Some Garnet OS systems include mobile phones supporting the CDMA and GSM networks. Or you can use infrared or Bluetooth to let your Garnet OS handheld communicate through a mobile phone3.
3) Garnet OS handhelds are designed to communicate with a PC. Software programs included with many Garnet OS systems work with Microsoft® Word™, Excel™ and PowerPoint™ files. You can also exchange information with Microsoft Outlook™ and other popular PC-based information management programs1. The Garnet OS HotSync software also lets you make backup copies of your handheld information. With a press of a single button, your handheld's information is automatically backed up on the PC, so it can be restored if the handheld is ever lost or broken2
4)Beaming
Features of WebOs:
1)Over-the-air software updates
Keep up with the latest software for your Palm webOS phone. Receive a notification when there’s an update to install, or check to see if one’s available. All without connecting to your computer.1
2)WebOS includes a feature called Synergy that integrates information from many sources. webOS allows a user to sign in to accounts on Gmail, Yahoo!, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Microsoft Outlook (via Exchange ActiveSync). Contacts from all sources are then integrated into a single list. For example, if you have info about one person in many different places, your phone shows them in a single entry for that person. All of your info remains in its original location online.
3)The device makes use of the cloud based services model, but uses no desktop sync client (in the style of Palm's HotSync synchronization method
Palm has announced that the Pre will be capable of "seamlessly" synchronizing with Apple's iTunes via its Media Sync feature
The Pre will be available with high-speed connectivity on either EVDO Rev. A or UMTS HSDPA, depending on location. The Pre also includes 802.11b/g WiFi and Bluetooth 2.1+EDR with support for A2DP stereo headsets. A-GPS with support for turn-by-turn navigation is also included.
Formats supported on Palm OS and Web OS
Palm OS:
. OS: Garnet
. Networks: Quad band (850/900-1800/1900) GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Class10.
. Connectivity: EVDO, 1xRTT, Bluetooth, Infrared, USB
. Memory Card: Micro SD up to 4GB
. Browser: Blazer Mobile Web Browser
. Files supported: .exe, .mp3, .mp4, .m4g, .wmv, .jpg, .gif
. Device Sync: Hot Sync
Palm Web OS:
OS: Web OS
. Networks: CDMA Version- Dual band CMDA 2000EV-DO Rev. A
800/1900 MHz, GSM Version- Quad Band GSM 850/900/1800/1900
MHz GPRS/EDGE and Tri Band UMTS 850/1900/2100 MHz HSDPA .
. Connectivity: Wi-Fi (802.11b/g), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR, Micro USB,
AGPS.
. Memory Card: No slot available
. Browser: Pocket IE
. Files supported: .ipk, .mp3, .mp4, .m4g, .wmv, .jpg, .gif
. Device Sync: Palm Desktop, Microsoft Outlook, IBM Lotus Notes,
iTunes.
Other Tools supported by Web OS
Installing Eclipse and the Palm Plug-In
Emulator
Command Line Tools
Debugger
How to install Web OS:
Install the Palm® webOS™ SDK on Windows®
1. Install Java
-Download and install the latest version of Java.
-To verify that Java is installed, go to the Command Prompt and type:
-java -version
-If Java is installed, Java version information appears.
-Download Java
2. Install VirtualBox 3.0.10
-The Palm emulator is built on VirtualBox, virtual machine software that you can download free from Sun Microsystems. VirtualBox is required before installing the Palm webOS SDK.
Download Virtualbox
3. Install the Palm webOS SDK for Windows
-Download the Windows SDK.
-Ensure VirtualBox is not running before starting the Palm SDK Installer.
-Double-click the Palm SDK Installer file.
-Download SDK
-Windows 64-bit
-Windows Vista & Windows 7 only
4. Verify the SDK Installation
- Start the Palm emulator.
- Click OK to dismiss the dialog boxes.
- Create or choose a directory to use as your development workspace.
- Open a Command Prompt window, and then type:
palm-generate
To verify that the tools are installed:
If help information appears, the tools are correctly installed.
If palm-generate is not recognized as a command, the tools are not correctly installed.
If java is not recognized as a command, Java is not correctly installed
Exit both the Command Prompt window and the emulator.
How to uninstall Web OS:
Uninstall the emulator and virtual machine
Run VirtualBox.
Close the emulator (select Power off the machine ).
In VirtualBox, right-click (Windows and Linux) or control-click (Mac) the Palm Emulator, and select Delete.
Select File > Virtual Media Manager.
Click the Hard Disks tab, and delete Palm Emulator.vmdk.
Click the CD/DVD Images tab, and delete palm_emulator_sdk_XX.iso.
Delete the Palm Emulator folder:
-Windows: C:\Program Files\Palm\SDK\share\emulator
Uninstall the SDK from a Windows system
-Select Start > Control Panel > Add or Remove Programs.
- Choose Palm SDK and click Remove.
iPhone 4
These are new features in iPhone 4:
• Front-facing video chat camera
• Improved regular back-camera (the lens is quite noticeably larger than the iPhone 3GS)
• Camera flash
• Micro-SIM instead of standard SIM (like the iPad)
• Improved display. It's unclear if it's the 960x640 display thrown around before—it certainly looks like it, with the "Connect to iTunes" screen displaying much higher resolution than on a 3GS.
• What looks to be a secondary mic for noise cancellation, at the top, next to the headphone jack
• Split buttons for volume
• Power, mute, and volume buttons are all metallic
for more detail you can go to http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/
• Front-facing video chat camera
• Improved regular back-camera (the lens is quite noticeably larger than the iPhone 3GS)
• Camera flash
• Micro-SIM instead of standard SIM (like the iPad)
• Improved display. It's unclear if it's the 960x640 display thrown around before—it certainly looks like it, with the "Connect to iTunes" screen displaying much higher resolution than on a 3GS.
• What looks to be a secondary mic for noise cancellation, at the top, next to the headphone jack
• Split buttons for volume
• Power, mute, and volume buttons are all metallic
for more detail you can go to http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/
ISTQB Books for Certification
For foundation Level:
FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE TESTING by Dorothy Graham,Erik van Veenendaal,Isabel Evans,Rex Black and ISTQB Glossary version 2 plus some dump papers are sufficient enough for clearing the exam
For Advance Level:
1) Advanced Software Testing Vol.1 - by Rex Black for Test Analyst and Technical Test Analyst
2) The Software Test Engineer's Handbook: A Study Guide for the ISTQB Test Analyst and Technical Analyst Advanced Level Certificates (Rockynook Computing) (Paperback) by Graham Bath & Judy McKay".
3) Advanced Software Testing Vol.2 - by Rex Black for Test Manager
How to decide among Technical Test Analyst and Test Analyst If ur working as a BlackBox Tester then i would suggest u to go for Test Analyst,if ur working as a Whitebox tester and responsible for portability, Reliability etc then go for Technical Test Analyst.
FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE TESTING by Dorothy Graham,Erik van Veenendaal,Isabel Evans,Rex Black and ISTQB Glossary version 2 plus some dump papers are sufficient enough for clearing the exam
For Advance Level:
1) Advanced Software Testing Vol.1 - by Rex Black for Test Analyst and Technical Test Analyst
2) The Software Test Engineer's Handbook: A Study Guide for the ISTQB Test Analyst and Technical Analyst Advanced Level Certificates (Rockynook Computing) (Paperback) by Graham Bath & Judy McKay".
3) Advanced Software Testing Vol.2 - by Rex Black for Test Manager
How to decide among Technical Test Analyst and Test Analyst If ur working as a BlackBox Tester then i would suggest u to go for Test Analyst,if ur working as a Whitebox tester and responsible for portability, Reliability etc then go for Technical Test Analyst.
ISTQB Foundation Level Paper 12
1.Name the test tool used by programmers to reproduce failures, investigate the state of programs and find the corresponding defect.
a.Configuration management tool
b.Debugging tool
c.Unit test framework tool
d.Stress testing tool
2. Which of the following tools offer support more appropriate for developers?
a.Static Analysis tools
b.Coverage measurement tools
c.Test Comparators
d.Modeling tools
3. True or false, coverage measurement tools apply to all test activities over the entire software life cycle.
a.True
b.False
4. Identify an objective of a pilot project:
a.Assessment of organizational maturity, strengths and weaknesses
b.Defining usage guidelines
c.Identification of opportunities for an improved test process supported by tools
d.Learn more detail about the tool
5. A gradual implementation with initial filters to exclude some messages
is an effective approach for what type of testing tools?
a.Test management tools
b.Static analysis tools
c.Performance tools
d.Test execution tools
6. Select the testing tool(s) that may have special considerations for use:
A.Dynamic Analysis
B.Test execution
C.Static Analysis
D.Monitoring
a. A, B & C
b. C & D
c. B & C
d. all of the above
7. Identify one or more of the potential benefit(s) of using tools:
A.Objective assessment
B.Capture tests by recording the actions of a manual tester
C.Replacement for test design and/or manual testing
D.Purchasing or leasing a tool
a.A & B
b.A only
c.D
d.None of the above
8. This test tool simulates the environment in which the test object will run:
a.Dynamic analysis tool
b.Monitoring tool
c.Coverage management tool
d.Test harness/unit test framework tool
9. Which tool(s) need to interface with other tools or spreadsheets in order to produce information in the best format for an organization?
a.Monitoring tool
b.Test management tool
c.Test comparators
d.Performance testing tool
10. Requirements management tools ________.
a.check for consistency
b.offer quantitative analysis (metrics) related to the tests
c.aid in understanding the code
d.may accelerate and improve the development process
11. Which characteristic identifies a tool that supports performance and monitoring?
a.Can calculate metrics from the code
b.May facilitate the testing of components or part of a system by simulating the environment in which that test object will run.
c.Often based on automated repetitive execution of tests, controlled by parameters
d.None of the above
12. Which of the following answers reflect characteristics of test management tools?:
A.Logging of test results and generation of progress reports
B.Improve the efficiency of testing activities by automating repetitive tasks.
C.Independent version control or interface with an external configuration management tool
D.Assignment of actions to people (e.g. fix or confirmation test)
a. B & D
b. A, B & D
c. A & C
d. B, C & D
13. Performance testing tools need someone with expertise in performance testing to help design the tests and interpret the results
a.True
b.False
14. This is done in a small-scale pilot project, making it possible to minimize impact if major hurdles are found:
a.Deployment of the test tool
b.Data-driven approach
c.Proof-of-concept
d.None of the above
15. Which testing tool supports developers, testers &/or quality assurance personnel in finding defects before dynamic testing is conducted?
a.Test Data Preparation tool
b.Modeling tool
c.Static analysis tool
d.Configuration Management tool
16. Success factors for the deployment of the tool within an organization include:
a.Rolling out the tool to the rest of the organization incrementally
b.Defining usage guidelines, implementing a way to learn lessons from tool use.
c.Adapting and improving processes to fit with the use of the too
d.Evaluation against clear requirements and objective criteria
17. The probe effect is the consequence of what type of testing tool?
a.Intrusive
b.Performance
c.Inclusive
d.Functional
18. Which scripting technique uses a more generic script that can read the test data and perform the same test with different data?
a.Timing approach
b.Test execution approach
c.Data-driven approach
d.Keyword-driven approach
19. Identify the testing tool that may also be referred to as a capture playback tool
a.Test harness/unit test framework
b.Test execution
c.Coverage measurement
d.Security
e.a & b
20. Mercury Quality Test Professional, as a software testing tool, could be classified under which of the following:
a.Static Analysis tools
b.Test Data preparation tools
c.Test Execution tools
d.Heuristic tools
a.Configuration management tool
b.Debugging tool
c.Unit test framework tool
d.Stress testing tool
2. Which of the following tools offer support more appropriate for developers?
a.Static Analysis tools
b.Coverage measurement tools
c.Test Comparators
d.Modeling tools
3. True or false, coverage measurement tools apply to all test activities over the entire software life cycle.
a.True
b.False
4. Identify an objective of a pilot project:
a.Assessment of organizational maturity, strengths and weaknesses
b.Defining usage guidelines
c.Identification of opportunities for an improved test process supported by tools
d.Learn more detail about the tool
5. A gradual implementation with initial filters to exclude some messages
is an effective approach for what type of testing tools?
a.Test management tools
b.Static analysis tools
c.Performance tools
d.Test execution tools
6. Select the testing tool(s) that may have special considerations for use:
A.Dynamic Analysis
B.Test execution
C.Static Analysis
D.Monitoring
a. A, B & C
b. C & D
c. B & C
d. all of the above
7. Identify one or more of the potential benefit(s) of using tools:
A.Objective assessment
B.Capture tests by recording the actions of a manual tester
C.Replacement for test design and/or manual testing
D.Purchasing or leasing a tool
a.A & B
b.A only
c.D
d.None of the above
8. This test tool simulates the environment in which the test object will run:
a.Dynamic analysis tool
b.Monitoring tool
c.Coverage management tool
d.Test harness/unit test framework tool
9. Which tool(s) need to interface with other tools or spreadsheets in order to produce information in the best format for an organization?
a.Monitoring tool
b.Test management tool
c.Test comparators
d.Performance testing tool
10. Requirements management tools ________.
a.check for consistency
b.offer quantitative analysis (metrics) related to the tests
c.aid in understanding the code
d.may accelerate and improve the development process
11. Which characteristic identifies a tool that supports performance and monitoring?
a.Can calculate metrics from the code
b.May facilitate the testing of components or part of a system by simulating the environment in which that test object will run.
c.Often based on automated repetitive execution of tests, controlled by parameters
d.None of the above
12. Which of the following answers reflect characteristics of test management tools?:
A.Logging of test results and generation of progress reports
B.Improve the efficiency of testing activities by automating repetitive tasks.
C.Independent version control or interface with an external configuration management tool
D.Assignment of actions to people (e.g. fix or confirmation test)
a. B & D
b. A, B & D
c. A & C
d. B, C & D
13. Performance testing tools need someone with expertise in performance testing to help design the tests and interpret the results
a.True
b.False
14. This is done in a small-scale pilot project, making it possible to minimize impact if major hurdles are found:
a.Deployment of the test tool
b.Data-driven approach
c.Proof-of-concept
d.None of the above
15. Which testing tool supports developers, testers &/or quality assurance personnel in finding defects before dynamic testing is conducted?
a.Test Data Preparation tool
b.Modeling tool
c.Static analysis tool
d.Configuration Management tool
16. Success factors for the deployment of the tool within an organization include:
a.Rolling out the tool to the rest of the organization incrementally
b.Defining usage guidelines, implementing a way to learn lessons from tool use.
c.Adapting and improving processes to fit with the use of the too
d.Evaluation against clear requirements and objective criteria
17. The probe effect is the consequence of what type of testing tool?
a.Intrusive
b.Performance
c.Inclusive
d.Functional
18. Which scripting technique uses a more generic script that can read the test data and perform the same test with different data?
a.Timing approach
b.Test execution approach
c.Data-driven approach
d.Keyword-driven approach
19. Identify the testing tool that may also be referred to as a capture playback tool
a.Test harness/unit test framework
b.Test execution
c.Coverage measurement
d.Security
e.a & b
20. Mercury Quality Test Professional, as a software testing tool, could be classified under which of the following:
a.Static Analysis tools
b.Test Data preparation tools
c.Test Execution tools
d.Heuristic tools
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